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You need ability, karma, and diligence. Pick any two on the off chance that you need to be fruitful. Regardless of whether you are a b-ball mentor or player, you can come to your (practical) objectives and accomplish an elevated level of progress with Just two of those three. Try not to trust me? How about we take a look†¦ Talent somewhat, what a great many people allude to as ability, Is simply energy. On the off chance that you love to do something†¦ you will do it each possibility you can. Also, the more you do it, the better you get.Now clearly there are a few wild factors that decide somebody's definitive ability and accomplishment on the b-ball court (stature, physicality, and so on ), yet in numerous occasions, ability originates from constant, fanatical practice. I have never met a deadly shooter who didn't rehearse the entirety of the time†¦ who dldnt shoot a large number of shots each and every week. Being a skilled shooter is 100% controllable. There is no d iscussion that Kevin Durant was brought into the world with various physical endowments. Be that as it may, so are a great deal of people.So why KD Is a NBA All-Star and 3-tlme NBA driving scorer nd other 69†³ folks never get opportunity to play past school? Since KD has an unrivaled enthusiasm for ball and he chips away at his art each and every day. The equivalent can be said for Grelvls Vasquez of the New Orleans Hornets. I met Grelvls the day he got to the US (from Venezuela) in 2005. He talked almost no English and weighed 150 lbs. Presently he plays in the NBA. How could that be? He made himself skilled by dealing with his game each and every day. Same goes for coaching.Who are the absolute most skilled mentors in school ball? Mentor K? Tom Izzo? Do you have any thought what amount time and exertion those folks have placed into their instructing ranges of abilities? They love the sport of b-ball and work steadily at turning into as well as can be expected be. Ability is t he capacity to benefit as much as possible from what you have with where you are. Karma Honestly, I don't put stock in karma. I think fruitless individuals blame karma I accept karma is whenever planning meets opportunity. I love the statement, â€Å"the harder you work, the more fortunate you get. There is such a great amount of truth to that announcement. With the goal that implies, in rder to be fortunate, you should be solid and steady whenever opportunity thumps. Do you by any chance ability to plan? Players, what do your day by day exercises comprise of? Do you Just Jack up 300 shots or do you make game efforts, from game spots, at game velocities? Do you practice ball taking care of drills looking down at the ball or do you drive yourself to gaze upward (despite the fact that you may lose the ball at first)? Do you picture a protector before you when making moves to the bin or do you Just do the drill?Do you have a strong quality and molding establishment or do you Just play get? Similarly significant, would you say you are an extraordinary partner? Is it accurate to say that you are the kind of player different players like to play with and mentors like to mentor? Trust me†¦ you'll be significantly more fortunate in the event that you are! Mentors, do you Just examination the X's and O's or accomplish you deal with correspondence and administration? Do you put the entirety of your attention on your beyond the field of play plays or do you invest energy figuring out how to most successfully impart wltn each memoer 0T your program? Do you relnTorce extraordinary work propensities with your players 365 days a year?Do you read, watch film, and system with different mentors? I understand numerous assets cost money†¦ camps, centers, DVDs, and mentors, which can me a restricting variable for a few. Anyway there are various assets that don't (like this blog or my YouTube channel). Discover them. Use them. In the event that you need to be fortunate, you need â€Å"to be in the perfect spot at the opportune time. † Instead of trusting that that will occur, you have to put forth an attempt to make genuine incentive in each spot you go and each individual you interact with. Whenever opportunity thumps, will you be set up to answer?Persistence This one is quite self-evident. Try not to abandon anything you cannot go a day without pondering it. Never quit. Continue rehearsing. Continue working. A great many people think they are tenacious, yet in all actuality, they surrender after two or three â€Å"no's† or a couple of minor disappointments. Be too difficult to even think about quitting. Try not to be so headstrong you won't attempt to new methodologies or make changes along the way†¦ Just don't stop. Ever. My twin children, Luke ; Jack, are 2 h years old. They have a steady steadiness. They don't stop until they get what they need! They are persevering and they don't take no for answer.While that has unquestion ably caused me some silver hairs, I trust it is a quality they never out develop. In the event that they apply a similar tirelessness to the sport of b-ball as they do to needing to be fed†¦ they will in fact be McDonalds All-Americans in 2028! Primary concern is this. In the event that you need to be effective, on the court, or in anything throughout everyday life.

Genocide is a neglected topic within criminal justice and criminology Essay

Massacre is a disregarded point inside criminal equity and criminology. Fundamentally investigate this announcement - Essay Example tem locally or globally appears to show an absence of excitement, if such a word is conceivable, in making stricter rules and disciplines with regards to decimation when contrasted with how they seem to be, for instance, in improving principles concerning other crimes. Destruction is a word utilized by the late Jewish Polish laywer Raphael Lemkin [Balakian 2013] to depict what the Nazis did to the Jews. Later on, it was additionally characterized by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide as any of a few recorded acts led with a purpose to devastate, incompletely or totally, a national, ethnical, racial or strict gathering. (Akhavan 2007) Genocide was a malevolent that ended the lives of endless of guiltless Jewish grown-ups and youngsters. Tragically, during that time the criminal framework didn't have set laws to rebuff mass killings. The ones responsible were simply rebuffed for criminal acts corresponding to worldwide equipped clash. The deliberately arranged execution of the Jews by the Nazi officers in the Holocaust is a prime case of destruction. Tragically, those answerable for the killings were not charged for massacre as the term didn't exist in that period. Following its foundation as a universal wrongdoing, the demonstration of slaughter returned in history just decades later, during the Bosnian clash to be progressively explicit. This was an ideal opportunity to see criminal equity hold fast on decimation dependent on the definition set during the Convention. Unfortunately for the people in question, their demises have stayed disrespected as those deserted are partitioned with regards to whether the demonstrations fall under the meaning of massacre. (Cooke-Welling 2012) This is the place criminal equity seems to have disregarded massacre. At the point when it had made a difference the most, the criminal equity framework are as yet attempting to arrive at a choice on whether the ethnic purifying that occurred in numerous pieces of Bosnia can be viewed as slaughter as per the built up definition. Right now,

Good Minors for Psychology Majors

Good Minors for Psychology Majors Student Resources Print Good Minors for Psychology Majors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 16, 2019 PeopleImages.com/Digital Vision/Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers If you are majoring in psychology, is it necessary to also pursue an academic minor? Many universities allow students to pursue what is known as an academic minor. This can add yet another element of confusion for students who are trying to figure out which subjects to study and which classes will help them the most. Should you earn a minor? If so, which one should you pursue? Lets start by answering the basic question: What exactly is a minor? A college minor represents a secondary field of study in addition to a college major. While it is similar in many ways to a major, it involves fewer required classes. In many cases, a minor represents approximately two years of study in a given subject. A Few Reasons to Pursue an Academic Minor So why do some students opt to pursue a minor in addition to their major studies? Students might choose to earn one in a topic related to their field or in something that might help them later on in graduate school. Minors, along with double majors, are increasingly popular as students try to master multiple subjects on the way to flexible careers or future education, suggested Michelle Slatalla in an article for The New York Times. For example, a student who plans to enter the workforce after graduation as a case manager or psychiatric technician might opt to earn a minor in a foreign language if they plan to work with clients who do not speak English or who speak English as a second language. In this case, earning a minor not only looks good on a job candidates resume, but it also imparts important skills that will help in the workplace. A Few Good Minor Options for Psychology Majors The specific minor you might choose depends a great deal on your career plans. If you are thinking of a career in social service, a minor in a foreign language, social work, or sociology might be helpful. If you are thinking of earning a graduate degree in a certain specialty area, certain minors can also be helpful. For example, someone planning to become a forensic psychologist might earn a minor in political science while someone planning to become a school psychologist might pursue a minor in education. Some minor options commonly chosen by psychology majors include:Foreign languagesBiologySociologyMathematicsNutritionHealth SciencesEducation Do You Need a Minor? Most colleges and universities do not require students to select a minor. While you might opt to minor in a topic, the reality is that most students do not need to earn one. So what are some reasons why you might decide to earn a minor? In a lot of cases, a minor might represent an interest in a topic that you love but dont necessarily want to earn a degree in. In some instances, a minor might even be something that isnt related to your major. For example, you might choose to earn a minor in a foreign language or art history simply because you love the subject and are interested in taking classes in that area.In other cases, you might want to choose a minor that is more closely allied to your chosen degree focus or a subject that might make you more attractive to potential employers and give yourself an edge over other job candidates. For psychology majors, this might involve taking extra classes in life science such as biology or in a health science such as nutrition or public health.Picking a minor that might help you in the workplace is another great option. For example, a student interested in doing therapy work might opt to minor in Spanish in order to be better able to communicate with Spanish-speaking clients . Career-Boosting Minors for Psychology Majors For psychology majors who are planning to go to graduate school, a minor can be a great way to complete pre-requisites and gain some knowledge and experience in an allied area. For example, a student planning to get a graduate degree in health psychology might choose to earn an academic minor in a health-related topic. A student thinking about a future career in forensic psychology might opt to minor in political science, criminology or philosophy. The choice of what to minor in (or whether to select an academic minor at all) is really up to the individual student in most cases. Is there a subject that you are interested in learning more about? A minor is a bit like a mini-major and can be a great way to explore that interest without committing to a major in the subject. Are you planning to go into a competitive job field after graduation? A minor that might help you in the workforce and make you stand out to employers might be a great idea. Or are you thinking of applying to a graduate program in a subject other than psychology once you graduate? In that case, a minor can help you pick up necessary pre-requisites for your graduate program and give you some extra knowledge and experience in that subject area.

Socrates The Suicide Of Socrates - 1405 Words

Socrates was born in 470 BCE in Athens, Greece. His father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor and stone mason from Athens and his mother was a midwife by the name of Phaenarete (30 Interesting Socrates Facts 2014). Socrates original profession was masonry and sculpting, before becoming a philosopher. On a day in 399 BC, Socrates ( roughly 71 years at the time) went to trial.Now why would anyone want to send an old man to court? Three answer is that Socrates was accused of refusing to recognize the gods recognized by the state and of corrupting the youth. Also if Socrates was convicted, he would be sentenced the death penalty(The Suicide of Socrates, 399 BC). The trial took place in the heart of the city, with a jury of 500 that sat on†¦show more content†¦According to Plato’s records, Socrates served in an armored infantry known as the hoplite . He served in three military campaigns, Delium, Amphipolis, and Potidaea during the Peloponnesian War, where he saved the life of Alcibiades, a popular Athenian general. Socrates’ first engagement was at Potidaea in 432 BC – a city-state threatening to break away from Athens. The campaign kept him away for nearly three years and on him his way back is when he started disguising himself from others. The Athenia n army was ambushed near Spartolos and they suffered serious losses. But Socrates saved the life and armour of Alcibiades, a man who went on to become one of Athens’ leading strategists and politicians (THINKERS AT WAR – Socrates 2014). During the war, Socrates was known for his courage and fearlessness, which is a trait that stuck with him for the rest of his life. Socrates saw Athens as a classroom and around asking elite and common men, looking for political and ethical truths. Also he never bragged about what he knew. Socrates actually acted ignorant so people wouldn’t know how wise he really was. As he was asking Athenians questions, he was asking in the dialectic method (also known as the Socratic method). The Socratic method was also referred to as the method of â€Å"elenchus†. The principle underlying the Socratic method is that students learn through the use of critical thinking, reasoning, and logic. To solve a problem, it would be broken down intoShow MoreRelatedEssay about Dont Be Afraid to Die in Socrates Phaedo741 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the course of the Phaedo, Socrates argues that the soul is immortal. Because he believes that his soul will live on forever, Socrates claims that he is not afraid to die. Socrates was sentenced to death and due to the fact that he took the poison earlier than when was nec essary, many believe that he committed suicide. Contrary to what may be presumed about Socrates’ death, I will argue that he is a martyr and did not commit suicide. Suicide is defined as taking one’s life for the sakeRead MoreThe Death Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1660 Words   |  7 Pagesthe only artist to be fascinated and inspired by historic suicides. Suicide is not an uncommon subject of paintings, or any of the arts for that matter. On the contrary, suicide can be glorified to a certain extent, in the way that a novel or film can romanticize the act without the brutality or consequences being addressed. Suicide can appear heroic in the face of a evil. It can appear to be a triumphant escape from a cruel world. Suicide can even look romantic when portrayed as the conclusion toRead More Never Give Up, Never Surrender Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagesfigure to come out of the fire tempered to a stronger man. Socrates Fortlow is such a man, tempered by guilt, jail and a hard life to become a better human being. Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned by Walter Mosley shows some of the grit of humanity but some of the finest as well. The rooster, Billy, starts the novel and shows Socrates a last gasp can be your most important. As the book progresses, a job becomes a courtroom where Socrates fights for his right to work. Later when he must stop a pyromaniacRead MorePlato And Aristotles Philosophy Opinions On Piety And Religion1472 Words   |  6 PagesGreek philosophers we have to mention: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who they create the earliest western philosophy, their philosophic ideas influence our modern society and culture in many aspects. As we read The Trial and Death of Socrates: Four Dialogues, we can get close to the thinking of these two philosophic giants at the same time: the author Plato, and the main characters Socrates, who was Plato’s teacher. The book includes four dialogues between Socrates and his friends or disciples: EuthyphroRead MoreThe Death of Socrates785 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death of Socrates â€Å"The Death of Socrates† was painted by a French painter . His name was Jacques Louis David. The painting represents the scene of the death of Greek philosopher Socrates. He was condemned to die by drinking hemlock for the expression of his ideas against those of Athens and corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also depicts both Plato and Crito, with the former sitting at the edge of the bed and the latter clutching the knee of Socrates. Socrates had the choiceRead MoreWhat did it mean for a man in Ancient Greece to lead a good life, according to Platos’s four dialogs in the Trial and Death of Socrates?1010 Words   |  5 PagesTrial and Death of Socrates? In Ancient Greece, leading a good life is rather more complex than it is in today’s society. It is evidenced in Plato’s four dialogs in The Trial and Death of Socrates. Through the dialogues of Socrates we can learn that in Ancient Greece education, religion, society in general, law and values played a major role on a person’s way of living a good life. In the dialogues of The Trial and Death of Socrates, society condemned those such as Socrates for changing or questioningRead MoreFate Or Free Will?882 Words   |  4 Pagesfate. Socrates was one of the most distinguished philosophers to demonstrate free will. He would demonstrate this by choosing in which manner he would perish, and when the phenomenon would transpire. His apprentice Plato would write with reference to this in Crito. On the other hand, Niccolo Machiavelli from the Renaissance epoch, writes references to the fate of one in The Prince. He would acknowledge the virtues that under any circums tances could dictate and control one’s fate. Socrates andRead MorePlato and Socrates Anthology Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates Anthology and Plato Plato: I: Apology 1. What are the charges brought against Socrates by his Athenian accusers and what is his reply concerning the sort of wisdom he in fact possesses? The charges that were brought against Socrates were corrupting the young and Impiety. Socrates says â€Å"If you ask me what kind of wisdom, I reply, wisdom such as may perhaps be attained by man, for to that extent I am inclined to believe that I am wise; Whereas the persons of whom I was speaking have aRead More Socrates versus Nelson Mandela Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pages As an Athenian philosopher, Socrates spent his life in constant pursuit of insight. He loved engaging in conversations that helped him derive philosophical views on a number of different issues. The birth of ideas through critical reasoning can be credited back to his method of teaching, which is now known as the Socratic Method. Although widely respected today, many of his teachings were found controversial in Athenian times. Socrates was placed on trial and put to death soon after becauseRead MoreEssay on Socrates1116 Words   |  5 PagesPlato recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates’ pupil, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide whether escaping would be â€Å"just† and â€Å"morally justified.† Eventually, Socrates concludes that the act is considered â€Å"unjust† and â€Å"morally unjustified.† Socrates then decides to accept his fate and proceeded with his execution. Socrates was a man who was in pursuit

Penny Press - One Cent Newspapers

The Penny Press was the term used to describe the revolutionary business tactic of producing newspapers which sold for one cent. The Penny Press is generally considered to have started in 1833, when Benjamin Day founded The Sun, a New York City newspaper. Day, who had been working in the printing business, started a newspaper as a way to salvage his business. He had nearly gone broke after losing much of his business during a  local financial panic caused by the cholera epidemic of 1832. His idea of selling a newspaper for a penny seemed radical at a time when most newspapers sold for six cents. And though Day merely saw it as a business strategy to salvage his business, his analysis touched upon a class divide in society. Newspapers that sold for six cents were simply beyond the reach of many readers. Day reasoned that many working class people were literate, but were not newspaper customers simply because no one had published a newspaper targeted to them. By launching The Sun, Day was taking a gamble. But it proved successful. Besides making the newspaper very affordable, Day instituted another innovation, the newsboy. By hiring boys to hawk copies on street corners, The Sun was both affordable and readily available. People wouldn’t even have to step into a shop to buy it. Influence of The Sun Day did not have much of a background in journalism, and The Sun had fairly loose journalistic standards. In 1834 it published the notorious â€Å"Moon Hoax,† in which the newspaper claimed scientists had found life on the moon. The story was outrageous and proven to be utterly false. But instead of the ridiculous stunt discrediting The Sun, the reading public found it entertaining. The Sun became even more popular. The success of The Sun encouraged James Gordon Bennett, who had serious journalistic experience, to found The Herald, another newspaper priced at one cent. Bennett was quickly successful and before long he could charge two cents for a single copy of his paper. Subsequent newspapers, including the New York Tribune of Horace Greeley and the New York Times of Henry J. Raymond, also began publication as penny papers. But by the time of the Civil War, the standard price of a New York City newspaper was two cents. By marketing a newspaper to the widest possible public, Benjamin Day inadvertently kicked off a very competitive era in American journalism. As new immigrants came to America, the penny press provided very economical reading material. And the case could be made that by coming up with a scheme to save his failing printing business, Benjamin Day had a lasting impact on American society.

Desiderata Essential Facts of Life Free Essays

Rashaunta Hunter Mrs. Cannon English IV- 1B 27 August 2009 â€Å"Essential Facts of Life† Written in the 20th century, â€Å"Desiderata† gives many different ways to live a positive life. The message of this poem explains’ how to get through many circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Desiderata: Essential Facts of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The poem tells you how to become a better person. Once you read this poem, you will learn how to treat others. There are essential facts in this poem that helps you have a more joyful life. Avoiding loud and aggressive persons, comparing yourself with others, and being at peace with God, are statements from the poem â€Å"Desiderata† to encourage you to live a peaceful life. People shouldn’t associate themselves with negativity. If people desire to have more calm and peaceful lives, they should â€Å"avoid loud and aggressive persons they are vexations to the spirit. † I used to associate myself with people who were very loud and aggressive. Eventually I started acting just like them. Once I started hanging out them, I would always be distracted and wouldn’t be focused on the things I really needed to be focused on. I would find myself being frustrated with every little thing and person. My grades were falling and I would always get suspended. When I decided to separate myself from all the negative people, I was more calm and relaxed. I was no longer frustrated. My grades rose back up. I even gained my respect back from my teachers. It is important to appreciate life. People shouldn’t always try to be better than others because â€Å"If you compare yourself with others, you may become vain and bitter. † Trying to compete with others will just make life more difficult. It’s possible to gain enemies by always comparing one’s self to another. When I was singing in the Gospel Company, I was a lead singer. There was a girl in my class who would always try to compete with my for a solo that was already given to me. She would compare her voice to mine. She would snap because I would always be recognized for a performance. She had a very talented voice. She ended up being very rude and bitter towards the class. I tried to talk to her but she would always brush me off. The class separated from her because she became vain and bitter. No matter what people imagine God to be, they shouldn’t have malice in their heart for God. Everyone faces obstacles in life, â€Å"Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive him to be†. When I first my ACL, I was really hurt emotionally. My first doctor told me I couldn’t play basketball anymore. I wasn’t at peace with God because I felt as though he should have stopped this from happening to me. I gave up on all faith, hope, and belief. Coach Williams kept telling me that I shouldn’t blame God. She told me to keep praying. Coach sent me to another doctor. I had an ACL reconstruction. The doctor said I would be playing in six months. Once I found peace with God, everything began to come together for me. I wasn’t stressed or worried. Separating yourself from distractions and frustrations, coming together with each other instead of competing, and being at peace with God are essential facts from the poem â€Å"Desiderata† to give you a better look at life. People shouldn’t let others steal their joy. Everyone should enjoy life and everything it may bring. If everyone would just live, laugh, and love more, they would find themselves being happier. The world would be a more peaceful place if everyone lived by the essential facts of life. To find peace I one’s self, one must have peace with God. Always have faith and believe. The people of this world should come together as one no matter what race, religion, or ethnicity they are. How to cite Desiderata: Essential Facts of Life, Papers

Global Oil Market

Question: Discuss about the Report on Global Oil Market? Answer: Introduction: The global oil market is considered to be economically matured commodity market. Most of the crude oil is produced by a relatively small number of countries in remote areas, and so the trade in crude oil is vigorous. Oil traders redirect transactions towards markets where the prices increase. Oil is regarded as a global commodity, so the price of the oil is determined by the interaction of the demand and supply of the oil all over the world. The global oil market had been witnessing booms and busts over the years when recently there was a sharp decline in the oil price (Liu, Schultz and Swieringa, 2014). There were many companies that in the past years have earned supernormal profits but now they are forced to decommission rigs and sharply declined their investment level in the exploration and production of oil. From the year 2010, the international benchmark for the Brent crude oil price was around $155 per barrel and stagnated till mid-June 2014. The Brent Crude oil price declined sharply after that. The oil price fell almost more than half the previously oil price (Moneycontrol.com, 2015). This paper deals with the causes and the consequences of the sharp fall in the global oil price. The paper also highlights the case of the major oil importing nation that is the China with respect to the aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) framework. Sharp decline in the global oil price: The key drivers of the decrease in the oil price include the USs oversupply of oil and the strong US Dollar. The negotiation of the nuclear deal between the US and Tehran also increased the oil exports by Iran driving up the global oil price (CNBC, 2015). The oversupply of oil from all sources created a situation of excess supply which suppressed the global oil price. The situation of excess supply is best understood by the demand and supply mechanism (Angelidis, Degiannakis and Filis, 2015). The market for the global oil price was initially oligopolistic but with the increase in the number of oil traders the competition increased making the oil market as a perfectly competitive market structure. The characteristics that the market follows are; there are many number of buyers and sellers, the sellers are price takers, the product sold in this market are homogenous in nature, there are free entry and exit into and out of the market, and the sellers maximize their profits. The demand a nd supply curves for the oil are considered to be relatively inelastic, so the curves are steeper. The inelasticity of the oil demand and supply is because huge changes in the price of the oil bring about little changes in the quantity of oil demanded and supplied. The demand and supply mechanism in the global oil market are attached as Appendix 1. The decline in the global oil price has been categorized into two sections. Both the reasons have caused the oversupply of oil in the global market. This caused the excess supply of oil in the market that drove down the global oil price that is explained by the demand and supply mechanism (Flows, 2014). The diagram of the demand and supply of the oil along with the phenomenon of excess supply are attached in Appendix 2. The reasons for the fall in the global oil price are two-fold. The first reason is contributed to the weak demand for oil from the emerging economies like China. The weak demand by the oil importer China and other countries paved the path for the situation of excess supply of oil which decreased the global oil price. This is explained using the demand and supply mechanism attached in Appendix 3. The second reason for the oil price fall is the refusal by the OPEC to cut down the production of oil. Around 60% of the total oil supply in the world is done by the OPEC, which implies that OPEC has considerable market power (Forbes, 2015). OPEC is the oil cartel which is comprised of 12 member countries and with significant market power; it can increase or decrease the oil price through the changes in the supply of the oil. During a meeting of the OPEC, countries like Venezuela and Iran had offered to lower the production of oil to stabilize and equilibrate the global oil market but it is S audi Arabia who refused to cut down the production so that the oil price remains low. This phenomenon is depicted using the diagram that is attached in appendix 4. The decline in the global oil price has affected almost all the nations of the world. The impact has been felt by both the importers and exporters of oil thus, it can be said that the winners in the current situation of the global oil price are oil importers and the losers are the oil exporters. The decline in the global oil price had benefitted the oil, importers (BBC News, 2015). This is because as the price has decreased, the consumer of the importing countries has to pay less which increased their disposable income. Through the increase in the disposable income, the consumption expenditure will increase. Countries like India (an oil importer) had been positively impacted by the decline in the global oil price and had executed the disinflationary pressure (Gupta and Goyal, 2015). According to a survey commenced by the IMF, it has proved that 30% fall in the oil price there is 0.8% increase in the economic growth of the oil importing countries. On the other hand, the oil exporting countries had been adversely affected by the fall in the oil price as their oil revenue has decreased which hindered their path of development and growth . In this regard, Venezuela had cut down 20% of their public expenditure to overcome the budget deficit. Fall in global oil price: the case of oil importing countries: There are basically three impacts of the decline in the global oil price in the oil importing countries. The first impact is the increase in the disposable income which can increase the consumption expenditure of the consumers of the oil importing countries. This will increase the aggregate demand as consumption expenditure is included in the aggregate demand. The second impact is the decrease in the production cost of the final goods which will thereby increase the profit and thus raise the investment. The third impact is lowering the inflation rate. The fall in the oil price influence the decline in the price of the other commodities which causes a decrease in the real interest rate. The sharp decline in the oil price can be directed towards lowering the energy subsidies by the government of the oil importing countries. Thu, the fall in the oil price raises the aggregate demand curve that is best explained using an example of an importing country (Liu, Schultz and Swieringa, 2014). The case of China and aggregate demand framework: China is regarded as one of the top importers of oil in the world after the United States. The sharp decline in the oil price had positively impacted the Chinese economy. The current account surpluses in China have been due to the decrease in the value of import of oil in dollar amounts. In the year 2015 China imported 6.5 million barrels per day whereas in the year 2014 China imported 6.2 million barrels per day (Beirne et al., 2013). The low oil price had triggered the import of oil that augmented economic growth in the country as attached in Appendix 5 (Tradingeconomics.com, 2015). The government in such a scenario can reform the tax structure and the fiscal systems of China. The fall in the oil price has caused the real income of the Chinese consumers to increase (Wu, 2015). The increase in the real income causes the consumption expenditure to increase and thereby increases the aggregate demand (Zhang and Chen, 2014). The changes in the aggregate demand are depicted using the dia gram attached as Appendix 6. The increase in the aggregate demand curve has shifted the AD curve to the right causing the real GDP of China to increase. Conclusion: The global oil market had been subjected to different fluctuations over the years but from mid-June 2014, there was a sharp decline in the global oil price. There are two causes of the decline in the global oil price. The weak demand from emerging economies and the over production by the OPEC member countries are two main reasons behind the situation of excess supply in the oil market that caused a fall in the global oil price. This fall in the global oil price has impacted both the oil importing and the oil exporting countries. In this case, the oil importing countries are the winners as they have to pay less for the same amount of oil purchase and the losers are the oil exporting countries due to the fall in their oil revenue. The paper explains the impact of the decline in the oil price in the China which is one of the largest oil importing countries in the world. The explanations are made with respect to the AD framework where the AD curve of China had increased due to the fall i n oil price and increased the real GDP of China. References Angelidis, T., Degiannakis, S. and Filis, G. (2015). US stock market regimes and oil price shocks. Global Finance Journal. BBC News, (2015). Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers? - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612 [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Beirne, J., Beulen, C., Liu, G. and Mirzaei, A. (2013). Global oil prices and the impact of China. China Economic Review, 27, pp.37-51. CNBC, (2015). Oil ends up as Iran exports seen slow to resume. [online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/13/oil-prices-tumble-as-iran-global-powers-reach-nuclear-deal.html [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Flows, C. (2014). Why Are Oil Prices Dropping?. [online] Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/24/why-are-oil-prices-dropping/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Forbes, (2015). Oil Prices Will Fall Further But Futures Look Undervalued. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gauravsharma/2015/07/24/oil-price-will-fall-further-but-2016-17-futures-look-undervalued/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Gupta, P. and Goyal, A. (2015). Impact of oil price fluctuations on Indian economy. OPEC Energy Review, 39(2), pp.141-161. Liu, W., Schultz, E. and Swieringa, J. (2014). Price Dynamics in Global Crude Oil Markets. Journal of Futures Markets, 35(2), pp.148-162. Moneycontrol.com, (2015). Oil prices fall on oversupply fears. [online] Available at: https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/commodities/oil-prices-falloversupply-fears_2417261.html [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Tradingeconomics.com, (2015). China GDP Annual Growth Rate | 1989-2015 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/china/gdp-growth-annual [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Wu, K. (2015). The Impact of Low Oil Prices on China. [online] Nbr.org. Available at: https://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=555 [Accessed 10 Aug. 2015]. Zhang, C. and Chen, X. (2014). The impact of global oil price shocks on Chinas bulk commodity markets and fundamental industries. Energy Policy, 66, pp.32-41.

Hemingway Protagonist - Soldiers Home Essays - Krebs,

Hemingway Protagonist - Soldier's Home Various authors, through years of discipline, develop their own style in creating characters. Ernest Hemingway varied his style by establishing an indestructible template for pressing characters into molded protagonists. This "template" protagonist follows a unique set of standards unlike any other character, produced by any other author. In his literary work "Soldier's Home", Hemingway creates the character Krebs to abide by this set of standards. By working within the circumstances presented to him, Krebs fits the mold of a typical Hemingway protagonist by overcoming his disillusions through heroic actions. To begin with, Krebs returns home from World War I to a society that he no longer feels attached to. It can be assumed that before the war Krebs worked within society since he is depicted in a college photo along with his similarly-dressed fraternity brothers. When he enlists into the Marines though, life becomes simplistic; you eat, sleep, and fight. The problem arises when Krebs tries to return from a simplistic lifestyle of war, to a much more complicated domestic lifestyle. "Ironically, Krebs is disillusioned less by the war than by the normal peacetime world which the war had made him to see too clearly to accept" (Burhans 190). Krebs seeks refuge from this disillusion by withdrawing from society and engaging himself in individual activities. A typical day for Krebs consists of going to the library for a book, which he would read until bored, practicing his clarinet, and shooting pool in the middle of the day; this is common for a Hemingway protagonist. Hemingway realizes "that with the disappearance of the transcendent and the absolute from man's consciousness, the universe becomes empty of meaning and purpose..." (Burhans 284); a good basis for testing a protagonist to see whether or not he's heroic . A more specific way that Krebs withdraws from society is his view of women and love. In a society full of talk, Krebs would have to engage in conversation and interaction in order to win a woman's heart. Krebs did not want to go through all of that again. He found it much easier during the war to become intimate with a French or German girl, especially considering that there wasn't as much "red tape" in European relationships. It was just too complicated to adjust himself back to an American relationship which he deemed full of consequences. In other works by Hemingway, protagonists are "haunted by a sense of how simple it all was once, when he could take his Indian girl into the clean-smelling woods, stretch out beside her on the pine-needles (her brother standing guard), and rise to no obligations at all" (Fiedler 143). Krebs is much the same way. He experienced this obligation-free relationship in Europe and was disgusted by the thought of returning to an obligated relationship in America. Hemingway himself learned of obligations from four separate marriages; why should any of his fictional characters escape this dreaded wrath. Another way that Krebs withdraws from society is the loss of his faith. Before the war Krebs attended a Methodist college, which reinforces the idea that he was a man of faith. During the war though, Krebs experiences a change in his beliefs. It can only be imagined what unholy things he had seen and done in the midst of battle. Once home, he denounces existing in God's Kingdom to his mother and refuses to pray. Hemingway felt that it is this "determination to be faithful to one's own experience, not to fake emotions or pretend to sentiments that are not there" is brought out in Krebs' character (Howe 233). It is this tone, the importance of one's inner beliefs over anyone else's, which pushes Hemingway's protagonist away from society. So how does one become heroic after denouncing so much of society? If alive today, Hemingway's answer may very well be "grace under pressure." Customary in Hemingway's literary works, such as Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, the protagonist is always fighting a losing battle. Philip Young, a well-known critic of Hemingway, says it best when he states that in life "you lose, of course; what counts is how you conduct yourself while you are being destroyed" (Young 274). A Hemingway hero would take notice of his ill fate and make the best of it. The motive behind Hemingway's heroic figures is not glory, or fortune, or the righting of injustice, or the thirst for experience. They are inspired neither by vanity nor ambition nor a desire to better the world. They have no thoughts of reaching

Same Sex Marriages Impact on the Children Social Growth

Same Sex Marriages Impact on the Children Social Growth Introduction Same sex marriages have been described as many things; an affront to God, an inherent right by all individuals, a desecration of the sanctity of marriage as well as an expression of love between two people of the same sex. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Same Sex Marriages Impact on the Children Social Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are numerous argument both for and against it with some citing its possible impact on adopted children, the degradation of society as a result of same sex couples, its affect on religious tolerance and the possible ramifications of social harassment due to many believing that the act itself is against the very principles of nature and evolution. What must be understood is that the concept of same sex marriages is relatively new to society with people still adjusting to the widespread proliferation of homosexuals Same sex marriage can be considered a d ramatic leap in legitimizing what most consider an abnormal form of behavior yet it must be questioned whether such a practice should actually be condoned. From a religious standpoint gay couples marrying each other is undeniably an affront to God and violates church doctrines which are literally thousands of years old. From a social standpoint same sex marriages create undue social tension which may or may not result in violent repercussions for individuals belonging to the homosexual community. It must also be noted that members of the homosexual community are often thought of as carriers for various forms of sexually transmitted diseases and as such same sex marriages are thus connected to legitimizing a behavior that promotes the spread of STDs. Furthermore, from a community standpoint same sex couples are often thought of as bad influences for their children due to a certain degree of homophobia wherein they believe that exposure to homosexuals may place their own children at risk for sexually deviant behavior. It is based on these various opinions that this paper will explore the various issues related to same sex marriage and will attempt to determine whether this particular type of behavior can be considered either positive or negative. Impact on Adopted Children One of the current prevailing arguments against same sex marriage is the notion that since same sex couples normally adopt children in order to start a family then children adopted by such couples are at risk in developing the same sexual orientation as their parents (SOLODNIKOV and CHKANIKOVA, 38 59). The logic behind this particular idea stems from the belief that since children develop their behaviors, personalities and sexual characteristics based on what they observe from their parents then it is likely that children adopted by same sex couples will become gay themselves. It is based on this that it argued children should be free to choose their own sexual characteristics and not be ne gatively influenced by those that adopt them. Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact it is due to this particular line of reasoning that during the late 1990s it was noted that adoption procedures for gay couples was often harder, more restrictive and met with a greater degree of denied adoption due such institutions fearing for what might happen to the children adopted by such couples (SOLODNIKOV and CHKANIKOVA, 38 59). Studies such as those by Solodnikov and Chkanikova (2010) refute this claim stating that based on data reviewing the sexual orientation of children of various gay couples over a period of several years it was seen that such children grew up to be relatively healthy heterosexuals with no negative behaviors (SOLODNIKOV and CHKANIKOVA, 38 59). In fact other studies back up this claim and as such it can be seen that the assumption that gay pa rents will create gay children is definitely false. On the other hand it cannot be stated that there are no negative consequences for the children of gay couples. A study by Joslin (2011) revealed that children of gay couples often have to deal with the social stigma of having gay parents due to the fact that it is still not a widely accepted norm for a child to have same sex parents. Negative consequences of such a stigma can range from being classified as being gay, insults, bullying, social isolation and other forms negative social consequences (Joslin, 81 101). It was noted by Rogers and Fossey (2011) that while such problems are relatively minor early on due to a childs innocence and the fact that the social stigma is not immediately apparent the fact remains that as the child grows older they become more aware of the difference in their familiar situation with that of other families and this, combined with the negative social consequences of having gay parents, at times resu lts in childhood depression and the development of personality traits related to being a loner, becoming anti-social or other similar behavioral characteristics which distance a child from becoming sociable (Rogers and Fossey, 423). Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Same Sex Marriages One of the negative connotations attached to homosexual behavior as well as same sex marriages has been its connection to the supposed spread of sexually transmitted diseases among members of the gay population. It is actually a commonly held belief that members of the gay community actually participate in various forms of deviant sexual behavior in which a single individual has multiple partners and practices bizarre sexual practices which as a result supposedly facilitates the spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and AIDS. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Same Sex Marriages Impact on the Children Social Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $ 11/page Learn More While it may be true that same sex partners practice sexual activities that are outside the norm of what most people would consider traditional methods of sexual relations the fact remains that there has been no conclusive evidence which specifically indicates that STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) are more prevalent among the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transsexual) community as compared to the normal heterosexual population. In fact studies such as those by Brody and Weiss (2011) clearly point out that the level of sexually transmitted disease between the two groups is actually the same and that the misconceptions regarding homosexuals having multiple sexual partners is no different than an ordinary heterosexual also having multiple sexual partners (Brody and Weiss, 298 300). Furthermore it was noted by studies such as those by Grulich et al. (2009) that being a homosexual does not immediately make a person more vulnerable to catching STD s, in fact it was even noted that members of the gay community often practiced safer methods of sexual activity as compared to members of the heterosexual community (Grulich, et al, 1813 1817). Thus, when taking into consideration the growing number of same sex marriages it cannot be immediately assumed that such activities will lead to the spread of STDs since it has been proven so far that the risk is just the same between straight and gay couples. Religion When examining arguments directly against same sex marriages it is often the case that religious dogma comes up as one of the main proponents against the continued practice of same sex marriages. From Christianity to Islam same sex marriages are considered an affront to what many consider the natural order of things with religious texts specifically prohibiting the union of two people from the same sex. What must be understood is that from a social standpoint the arguments of various religions against same sex marriage do ma ke sense since social stability hinges on maintaining social institutions of which heterosexual relationships are a cornerstone. Furthermore, if one were to take into account the concept of what can be consider a moral relationship then from this standpoint same sex marriages can be considered immoral since they go against what many consider as a moral and responsible union of two individuals (Whitehead, 63 79).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact religious text specifically state that all unions must be between a man and a woman with those engaging in homosexual relationships often considered an aberration of set standards and as such deserve to be stoned or outright killed (Whitehead, 63 79). In fact when examining various aspect of Christian theology it is often seen that homosexual relationships are considered an affront to God and as such tolerance for homosexuality has always been a contentious issue in the Catholic Church. While it may be true that Christianity espouses a doctrine of tolerance and love for ones fellow man the fact remains that to this day it considers homosexuality as being perverse, immoral and nothing more than individuals giving into their baser desires (Whitehead, 63 79). The result of the Churchs view on the subject of homosexuality has actually affected members of its own congregation resulting in various Christian communities often socially ostracizing or persecuting people who have been identified as being homosexual. The reason why the Catholic Church and other religions have this particular stance is actually connected to institutional theory which specifically states that individuals tend to prefer to adhere to traditional institutions and ideas despite the presence of newer and more improved systems since it is in their belief that age equals stability. In the case of religious beliefs it is the age of the doctrine which specifically condemns homosexuality that gives it a degree of credibility in the eyes of the Catholic Church and its followers and as such explains why to this day the stance of the church continues to be against same sex marriages. Culture From a cultural perspective, while same sex marriages are increasing in various areas within the U.S. as well as in several countries around the world the fact remains that though it is tolerated due to arguments presenting marriage as an inherent right, whether people are gay or straight, the fact rem ains that it is still not universally acceptable across all cultures. For example, in the Middle East same sex marriages are expressly banned and the homosexual culture is thought of as bizarre, strange and an affront to God which results in it being ruthlessly suppressed (Dunne, 55). In fact in a lot of cultures homosexual behavior is frowned upon and those who come out of the closet are times shunned by their family and friends. This is not to say that homosexuals are bad people, in fact some of them are actually quite nice, rather what must be understood is that their choice of lifestyle is considered by many to be abnormal and an intentional lifestyle choice. When examining the homosexual culture it is often said that a person does not choose to be a homosexual rather they are born that way and thus, in their eyes, homosexuality is a perfectly normal behavior. This is a rather interesting viewpoint to consider since homosexuality and heterosexuality are usually thought of as behaviors which develop as a result of both environmental and psychological influences (Jeffs, 66 71). As such becoming gay or straight is dependent on the way a person develops and is not based on a person being born gay. Rather, based on social control theory which states that people often develop abnormal personality patterns based on a lack of social bonds which prevent such behaviors from manifesting it can be said that homosexuality is merely the result of abnormal development during an individuals development stage wherein a certain lack of social bonds whether in the form of father figures, mother figures, friends or other constraining factors are usually not present resulting in the development of tendencies related to abnormal behavior which manifests itself as homosexuality (Jeffs, 66 71). Based on this it can be assumed that homosexuality is not a direct result of a person being born that way rather it is merely the manifestation of abnormal patterns of behavioral de velopment during a persons formative years of development. Conclusion Based on the presented data this paper concludes that not only does same sex marriage have the potential adversely impact the social growth of children due to the stigma of having gay parents but it must also be noted that due to effects of religious doctrine, negative social responses and the fact that the behavior itself is thought of as morally wrong this research paper disagrees with the concept of same sex marriage and it should be stopped in the mean time. As this paper has shown the concept of same sex marriage is still thought of as being an affront to religious, social and natural laws and as such at the present it merely invites greater degrees of negative and even possibly violent responses. While it may be true that from a human rights standpoint there is nothing wrong with it the fact remains that society still isnt quite ready to openly accept it and thus it should not be implemented until such a ti me that homosexuality is either totally removed or universally accepted. Andrew E. Grulich, et al. Circumcision and Risk of Sexually Transmissible Infections in a Community-Based Cohort of HIV-Negative Homosexual Men in Sydney, Australia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 200.12 (2009): 1813-1819. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. Brody, Stuart, and Petr Weiss. Heterosexual Anal Intercourse: Increasing Prevalence, and Association with Sexual Dysfunction, Bisexual Behavior, and Venereal Disease History. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy 37.4 (2011): 298-306. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. Dunne, Bruce W. Homosexuality in the Middle East: An agenda for historical.. Arab Studies Quarterly 12.3/4 (1990): 55. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. Jeffs, William Patrick. CHAPTER FOUR: THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: FREUD, PSYCHOANALYSIS AND HOMOSEXUALITY. Feminism, Manhood Homosexuality: Intersections in Psychoanalysis American Poetry. 66-71. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2003. Literary Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. Joslin, Courtney G. Searching for Harm: Same-Sex Marriage and the Well-Being of Children. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 46.1 (2011): 81-101. International Security Counter Terrorism Reference Center. EBSCO. Web. Rogers, Kevin, and Richard Fossey. SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AND THE PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULUM: CAN PARENTS OPT THEIR CHILDREN OUT OF CURRICULAR DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND SAME- SEX MARRIAGE?. Brigham Young University Education Law Journal 2 (2011): 423. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. SOLODNIKOV, V. V., and A. M. CHKANIKOVA. Children in Same-Sex Marriages. Russian Social Science Review 51.3 (2010): 38-59. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. Whitehead, Andrew L. Sacred Rites and Civil Rights: Religions Effect on Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions and the Perceived Cause of Homosexuality. Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited) 91.1 (2010): 63-79. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web.

The AISD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The AISD - Essay Example It has been viewed that most of the districts in AISD perform their board meetings which are recorded and are available to the citizens through their website (Arlington ISD, 2012). This particular paper will deal with the discussion of the subject matter of introduction of libraries in different schools especially in Texas according to the different board meetings that AISD publishes in their website. Moreover, the implications of the discussion topic i.e. the introduction of libraries in various schools located at Texas synthesizing with the article published by Norman D. Kerr along with the text book i.e. â€Å"The Educator’s Guide To Texas School Law† will be portrayed in the discussion. Implications of the Discussion Topic The board meeting about the introduction of libraries in different schools had a positive implication upon the community of Arlington. While discussing the topic in the board meeting, Cary Siegfried who is the Director of the Department of Librari es belonging to Arlington City emphasized upon the topic of the Library Link program which was established in the year 2007.

The American Red Cross (Ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The American Red Cross (Ethics) - Essay Example These include blood services, food, blankets, cots, emergency and disaster relief services, health and safety services, and dozens of other goods and services provided to people in need. Their ethics document is highly developed, including standards for the sharing of biomedical knowledge, protocols for behavior in war, compliance with the law, avoidance of conflicts of interest, confidentiality and rules governing gifts (Red Cross). This makes ethical breaches especially troubling: The ARC is not only a leader in relief efforts and humanitarian work, but has clear issues and protocols for dealing with and managing ethical issues. It is important to note that recent problems with the ARC have not prevented it from doing good work on the ground for hundreds of thousands of people. Ongoing relief efforts continue. Yet the breaches could jeopardize that work. Executive turnover at the top, from Elizabeth Dole to Bernadine Healy to Mark Everson, not only occurred under inauspicious circu mstances (Healy's failure to adequately respond to 9/11, Everson's sexual dalliances and abuse of authority), but threatened the contiguity of leadership important to managing an organization as big and diverse as the ARC (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 503). Embezzlement in many state chapters occurred, one of the most shocking being a Pennsylvania manager who stole money for crack cocaine! Congressional mandates have only stemmed, not stopped, the reports of embezzlement and impropriety. Hurricane Katrina also reflected badly on the ARC, though here most of the blame and attention was placed upon FEMA and the Bush administration's inadequate response (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 505). Yet the ARC did make many miscalculations, such as using felons, diverting relief supplies, and poor tracking and distribution (Ferrell and Ferrell, 2011, p. 506). The issue is that, as a charitable organization beholden not only to contributors but also to policy-maker, agencies and taxpayers, the ARC's ethical issues threaten its ability to market, gain contributions, and remain trustworthy as a leadership force in humanitarian aid. As noted, the ARC has an extensive moral code. This is not simply a statement of principles, though those principles are well-established and complex. ARC care providers are supposed to be, in a sense, nurses and doctors for the world. They are, for many, a one-stop shop for needs: People in poverty-stricken, disaster-stricken or crisis areas, refugees and other recipients of aid get everything from medical care to clothes and blankets. The ARC attempts to avoid partisanship and nationalism: They seek to serve all of mankind (Red Cross). Again, most of the problems that have plagued the ARC have been leadership, not rank-and-file, issues: Embezzlement by managers and poor executive decisions are damning, true, but there is no evidence that the people actually providing aid have declined one iota in their ethical standards, belief in the ARC's cor e principles, or have ceased to provide a useful service. None of the four major organizational ethical philosophies can justify the ARC's current lapses, but what philosophy do they generally operate under? Between denotative, relativistic, deontological and consequentalist frameworks, the ARC's traditional

Roles Of Human Resource Management

Roles Of Human Resource Management In the past few years, roles for HR professionals were viewed in terms of transition from operational to strategic; qualitative to quantitative; policing to partnering; short-term to long-term; administrative to consultative; functionally oriented to business oriented; internally focused to externally and customer-focused; reactive to proactive; activity-focused to solutions-focused (Ulrich, 1997). However, these transitions have been seen as too simplistic. In fact, the roles of HR professionals are multiple, not single. In order to create value and deliver results, HR professionals must not only focus on the activities or work of HR but also define the deliverables of the work. Therefore, Ulrich (1997) came out a multiple-role model for human resource management (See Figure 2-1). The two axes represent the HR professionals focus and activities. Focus ranges from long-term/strategic to short-term/operational. HR professionals must learn to be both strategic and operational, focusing on the long term and short term. Activities rang from managing process (HR tools and systems) to managing people. These two axes delineate four principal HR roles which are: (1) Management of strategic human resources; (2) Management of firm infrastructure; (3) Management of the employee contribution; and (4) management of transformation and change (Ulrich 1997). In a short word, the roles of HR professional are strategic partner; administrative expert; employee champion and change agent. Table 2-1 summarizes the deliverables, metaphor and activities the HR professional must perform to fulfill the role. Figure 2-1 HR Roles in Building a Competitive Organization Source: Ulrich, 1997 Table 2-1 Definition of HR roles Role/Cell Deliverable/Outcome Metaphor Activity Management of Strategic Human Resources Executing strategy Strategic Partner Aligning HR and business strategy: Organizational diagnosis Management of Firm Infrastructure Building an efficient infrastructure Administrative Expert Reengineering Organization Processes: Shared service Management of Employee Contribution Increasing employee commitment and capability Employee Champion Listening and responding to Employees: Providing resources to employees Management of Transformation and Change Creating a renewed organization Change Agent Managing transformation and change: Ensuring capacity for change Source: Ulrich, 1997 Management of Strategic Human Resources-Strategic Partner As Ulrich said, HR professionals pay a strategic role when they have the ability to translate business strategy into action (Ulrich, 1997). To achieve this, the HR manager must be able to ask appropriate questions and contribute to business decisions. As a result, the HR manager must develop business acumen, a customer orientation and an awareness of the competition to be able to link business strategy to HR polices and practices. However, research suggests that only a minority of CEOs involve their HR managers in formulating business strategy (Nankervis, 2000 and Johnson, 2000). Evidence indicate that there is growing awareness of the need for HR managers to become actively involved at the strategic level, and increasingly recognize that organizations that have a CEO who recognizes the significance of HRM have a competitive advantage (Fisher and Dowling, 1999; Way, 2000). Management of Firm Infrastructure-Administrative Expert According to Ulrich, to become administrative experts, HR professionals must be able to reengineer HR activities through the use of technology, rethinking and redesigning work processes and the continues improvement of all organizational processes; see HR as creating value; and measure HR results in terms of efficiency (cost) and effectiveness (quality) (Ulrich, 1997; Blackburn and Rosen, 1995). Research also indicates that the competency levels of HR managers in high-performing firms are significantly higher than those of HR managers in low-performing firms (Yeung, 1998) Management of Employee Contribution-Employee Champion Work as employee champion requires that the HR professional must be able to and meet the needs of employees. This can achieve by being the employees voice in management discussions, by being fair and principled, by assuring employees that their concerns are being heard and by helping employees to find new resources so that enable them to successfully perform their jobs (Ulrich, 1997). Failure to be an employee champion will see HRM facing a loss of trust for losing sight of the needs, aspirations and interests of the workforce (Kochan, 2003). Ignoring employee-related outcomes may result in lower jog satisfaction, lower commitment and reduced performance, which in turn, negatively affect organizational performance (Guest, 2002). Management of Transformation and Change-Change Agent Act as change agent can be achieved by learning change in the HR function and by developing problem-solving communication and influence skills. Gloet argues that one way for HRM to reinvent itself is via the development and maintenance of learning environments, where knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination are valued (Gloet, 2003). Ulrich, D. (1997) Human resource Champions: The nest agenda for adding value and delivering results, Harvard Business School Press, USA Nankervis, A. Small packages, HR monthly, November 2000, pp.42-3 Johnson, E.K. (2000), The practice of human resource management in New Zealand: Strategic and best practice?, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource, vol.38, no,2, 2000, pp.69-83. Fisher,C. and Dowling, P. (1999), Support for an HR approach in Australia: the perspective of senior HR managers, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource, vol.37, no.1,1999,pp.2-19. Way, N. (2000), A new world of people power, Business Review Weekly, 16 June 2000, pp. 62-6. Blackburn and Rosen, Does HRM walk the TQM talk?, HR Magazine, July 1995, pp. 68-72. Yeung, A, Human Resource Competencies in Hong Kong; Research Findings and Applications Guide, HKIHRM/University of Michigan Business School, Hong Kong, 1998, p.4. Ellig, B, HR must balance demands of dual roles, HR News, July, 1996, p.9. Allen, C. and Lovell, K., The effects of high performance work systems on employees in aged care, Labour and Industry, vol.13, no.3, 2003, p.14. Kochan, T., quoted in Trinca, H,HR needs to rebuild trust, Australian Financial Review, 11 November 2003, p. 59. Guesr, D, 2002, op. cit., p.335. Gloet, M, The changing role of the HRM function in the knowledge economy; the links to quality knowledge management, paper presented at the 8th International Conferece on ISO and TQM, Montreal, April 2003, pp. 1-7. 2.2 Human Resource Management overview in China Since the late 1970s, China has been going through a transition. The economic reform in China has led to impressive growth and significant integration into the global economy. These developments have resulted in major changes in the management of industrial enterprises and hold considerable implication for HR practices in the nation with the largest workforce in the world. In China, HR practices have been shaped by a host of ideological, historical, political and economic factors. Under the economic reform programmed, although some market forces have been introduced into the HR system, the influence of the state is still considerable (Nyaw, 1995:193). In 1979, China introduced the open door policy. Since then, economic reforms have brought many changes to the business environment. The end of the iron rice bowl policy has created a new employment market. SOEs have to compete with joint ventures and privately owned enterprises. With reforms in HR practices, managers in SOEs have more a utonomy including the authority to hire and fire. There are significant differences in HR practices between firms of different ownership. MNCs and joint ventures have brought into China not only investment but also management practices. For example, labour contracts have replaced lifetime employment. A performance-based pay system is gradually replacing the seniority pay system. These practices have an important influence on domestic firms in changing their HR practices (Warner, 2001) Benson and Zhu (1999) observed that there were three major models of HRM in Chinese enterprises. The first was a traditional model that existed in large SOEs where there was surplus labour. These SOEs had close ties with the government and contributed to local development. They had traditional HR management systems. The second model was observed in foreign-owned enterprises or newly established domestic private enterprises. They had fewer constraints than SOEs. They realized that their success based either on western or Japanese systems. The third model was observed in firms that were undergoing a transition from the old to the new systems of HR management. They adopted a HR management style with Chinese characteristics. Nyaw, M.K. (1995) Human resource management in the Peoples Republic of China, in Moore, L.F. and Jennings, P.D. (eds), Human Resource Management on the Pacific Rim, Walter de Gruyter, New York, 187-216. Warner, M. (2001), Human resource management in the Peoples Republic of China, in Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. (eds), Human Resource Management in Developing Countries, Routledge, London and New York, 19-33. Benson, J. and Zhu, Y. (1999), Markets, firms and workers: The transformation of human resource management in Chinese state-owned enterprises, Human resource management Journal, Vol.9., No.4, 58-74. 2.3 Human Resource Management Outcomes HRM is concerned with both organizational performance and employee wellbeing which means that any evaluation of HRs contribution must incorporate both organizations and employees perspectives. The contribution of HRM to the organizational performance included aligning HR strategies with organizational strategies, managing the corporate culture to win employee commitment and being efficient in managing HR activities. On the other hand, the contribution to individual wellbeing relate to employee attitudes and behavior. High-performance HRM benefits the organization because the way employees respond to HRM initiatives is linked to their job performance and ultimately to organizational performance (Guest, 2002). Therefore, when evaluate HRM performance, following outcomes should be considered: Adaptability: that means HRM strategies and policies foster organizational and employee flexibility. The whole organization and employee ready for change and accept change. After that, innovation and creativity encouraged, knowledge is recognized as a critical asset and the organization utilize people with different background and value systems. Commitment: this concern with HRM policies enhance employee identification with and attachment to their job and the organization. High level of commitment can result in more loyalty, increase teamwork and reduced labour turnover, along with a greater sense of employee self-worth, dignity, psychological involvement and feeling of being integral to the organization. Competence: Relates to the extent that HRM polices attract, retain, motivate and develop employees with the abilities, skills, knowledge and competencies to achieve the organizations strategic objectives. Congruence: concern with HRM polices generate or sustain congruence between management and employees, different employee groups, the organization and the community, employees and their families, and within the individual. In other words, HRM strategies and policies promote the achievement of employee goals, at the same time, satisfy the organizations strategies business objectives. Lack of congruence can be costly to the organization in terms of time, money and energy, resulting low levels of trust and lack of common purpose and stress or other psychological problems will happen (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills and Walton, 1984) Cost-effectiveness: the HRM strategies and polices can reduce personnel-related costs, help correctly size the organization, eliminate unnecessary work, reduce compensation and benefit costs, reduce labour turnover and absenteeism, improve employee health and safety, improve employee productivity and avoid costs from litigation and negative public relations. Job satisfaction: HRM strategies and polices can produce employees have positive attitudes and feelings about their jobs. Common employee satisfaction components include pay, promotion opportunities, fringe benefits, supervision, colleagues, job conditions, the nature of the work, communication and job security (Spector, 2000). Rose (2002) suggested that employees frustrated and bored with repetitive and standardized work have low commitment. A satisfied employee tends to be absent less often, make positive contributions, stay with the organization and radiate positive feelings towards customers (McShane and Von Glinow, 2000). Justice: HR strategies, polices and practices are powerful communicators regarding managements trustworthiness, fairness and commitment to employees. If management is perceived favourably, employees reciprocate with increased commitment to the organization (Whitener, 2001). Motivation: HRM strategies and policies stimulate employees to achieve a designated goal. Highly motivated employees work hard, come to work early and contribute more to the organizations strategic objectives. Performance: HRM contribute to employee job performance and productivity and the organizations overall profitability, growth and success. Trust: HRM promote trust between employees, management and the organization. Under trust, employees are willing to share information, genuinely cooperate with one another and not take advantage of other. Stone, R (2005) Human Resource Mangement, 5th ed, John Wiley Sons, Australia. Beer, M, Spector, B, Lawrence, P. R, Mills, D.Q, and Walton, R. E, (1984), Managing Human Assets, The Free Press, New York, p.19. Rose, E, The labour process and union commitment within a banking services call center, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol.44, no.1, 2002, p.40. McShane, S. L. and Von Glinow, M. A, (2000), Organization Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Boston. Whitener, E. M., Do high commitment human resource practices affect employee commitment A cross level analysis using hierarchical linear modeling, Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 5, 2001, p.515. 2.3.1 Employee Job Satisfaction As mention before, one of the outcomes of HRM is job satisfaction. However, what causes employee satisfaction? The researchers Judge and Bono (2001) found that one of the primary causes is the perception of the job itself. And also job itself is the most important situational effect on job satisfaction. Other research also show that of all the major job satisfaction areas, satisfaction with the nature of the work itself which includes job challenge, autonomy, variety and scope are best predicts overall job satisfaction (Fried and Ferris, 1987; Parisi and Weiner, 1999; Weiner, 2000). Some general statements about the facets that seem to contribute the most to feelings of job satisfaction for most North American workers include mentally challenging work, high pay, promotions and friendly or helpful colleagues (Locke, 1976). For more detail, Spector (1997) concluded that the causes of job satisfaction can be classified into two major categories. First, the job environment itself and fac tors associated with the job are important influences on job satisfaction. This includes how people are treated, the nature of job tasks, relations with other people in the workplace, and rewards. Second, there are individual factors that the person brings to the job. This includes both personality and prior experiences. Both categories work together to influence employee job satisfaction. In this study, we mainly focus on the environment antecedents of job satisfaction. Following factors are the environmental causes of job satisfaction: Job Characteristics and Job Characteristics Theory Many studies have advocated job design as a means of enhancing job satisfaction by making jobs more interesting (Herzberg, 1968; Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959). The job characteristic theory is that people can be motived by the intrinsic satisfaction they find in doing tasks. When they find their work to be enjoyable and meaningful, people will like their jobs and will be motivated to perform their jobs well (Hackman and Oldhams, 1976). The characteristics model see figure 2-2. Figure 2-2 Hackman and Oldhams (1976) Job Characteristics Model Core Characteristics Critical Outcomes Psychological States Skill Variety Task Identity Task Significance Experienced Meaningfulness Autonomy Experienced Responsibility Feedback Knowledge of Results Work Motivation Job Performance Job Satisfaction Attendance Growth Need Strength Source: Hackman and Oldhams, 1976 Organizational Constrains Conditions of the job environment that interfere with employee job performance are called organizational constraints. The constraints come from many aspects of the job, including other people and the physical work environment. As the study of Peters and OConnor (1980), organizational constraints have been shown to relate to job satisfaction. Significant relations have been found between various measures of constraints and job satisfaction (Jex and Gudanowski, 1992; Keenan and Newton, 1984; OConor et al., 1984; Spector et al., 1988). OConnor, Peters, Rudolf and Pooyan (1982) reported correlations of organizational constraints with five job satisfaction facets which are coworker, pay, promotion, supervision and work itself. Work-Family Conflict Work-family conflict has been found to correlate significant with job satisfaction. Employees who experience high levels of conflict tend to report low levels of job satisfaction (Bedeian, Burke and Moffett, 1988; Holahan and Gilbert, 1979; Lewis and Cooper, 1987; Rice, Frone and McFarlin, 1992). Organizations can adopt policies that either help people cope with or reduce work-family conflict. Thomas and Ganster (1995) studied the impact of organization policies and supervisor behavior on employee experience of work-family conflict and job satisfaction. Their research provides evidence that organizational policies such as child care and flexible work schedules can reduce work-family conflict and enhance job satisfaction. Behavior by supervisors that supports employees with family responsibilities was also found to have positive effects. Pay The correlation between level of pay and job satisfaction tends to be surprisingly small. Spector (1985) found a mean correlation between level of pay and job satisfaction. However, although pay level is not an important issue, pay fairness can be very important. Rice, Phillips and McFarlin (1990) reported a moderately large correlation between pay level and job satisfaction in a sample of mental health professionals who all had the same job. Workload Workload has been found correlated with job dissatisfaction as well as other job strains (Jex and Beehr, 1991). Jamal (1990) found significant negative correlations of workload with job satisfaction, and Karasek, Gardell and Lindell (1987) found that workload was negatively associated with job satisfaction. Control Control has been found to correlate significantly with all three categories of job strains (Jex and Beehr, 1991). Spector (1986) showed the mean correlations across studies of relations between control and job satisfaction. Spector, P.E. (2000) Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed, John Wiley Sons, New York, p.19. Poulin, J. E., and Walter, C. A. (1992) Retention Plans and Job Satisfaction of Gerontological Social Workers, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 19, pp. 99-114. Porter, L. W. (1962), Job attitudes in management: I. Perceived deficiencies in need fulfillment as a function of job level. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46, 375-384. Wolf, M. G. (1970), Need gratification theory: A theoretical reformulation of job satisfaction/dissatisfaction and job motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 87-94. 2.3.2 The Consequences of Job Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction There are many positive or negative outcomes that relate to job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. These include not only work variables such as job performance and turnover but also non-work variables such as health and life satisfaction. Job Performance In fact, a large body of research shows that the relationship between satisfaction and performance is positive but usually very low and often inconsistent (Iaffaldano and Muchinsky, 1985). Why is this correlation between job attitudes and job behavior so low? Intuition suggests that we might work harder to pay back the organization for a satisfying job. However, intuition also suggests that we might be so busy enjoying our satisfying job that we have little time to be productive. For example, satisfying coworkers and a pleasant superior might lead us to devote more time to social interactions than to work. These contradictory intuitions provoke suspicion that the satisfaction causes performance might be incorrect. Iaffaldano, M.T. and Muchinsky, P.M. (1985), Jo satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 251-273. Organizational Citizenship Behavior Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is behavior by an employee intended to help coworkers or the organization that contributes to organizational effectiveness (Organ, 1988; Schnake, 1991). Schnake (1991) hypothesized that OCB is caused by good treatment from the supervisor and by job satisfaction. In fact, job satisfaction and OCB have been found to intercorrelate (Becker and Billings, 1993; Farh, Podsakoff and Organ, 1990) Withdrawal Behavior Many theories hypothesize that people who dislike their jobs will avoid them, either permanently by quitting or temporarily by being absent or coming in late. Absence is a phenomenon that can reduce organizational effectiveness and efficiency by increasing labour costs. On many jobs, floaters or substitutes are required for each absent employee. The employee might continue to get paid, resulting in increased costs to pay substitutes. Where absence rates among employees is high, the costs can be quite high. Not surprisingly, organizations are concerned about absence. Theories of absence hypothesize that job satisfaction plays a critical role in an employees decision to be absent (Steers and Rhodes, 1987). People who dislike their jobs should be expected to avoid coming to work. On the other hand, most theories of turnover view turnover as the result of employee job dissatisfaction (Bluedorn, 1982; Mobley, Griffeth, Hand and Meglino, 1979). People who dislike their jobs will try to fin d alternative employment. Studies have been consistently in showing a correlation between job satisfaction and turnover (Crampton and Wagner, 1994; Hulin, Roznowski and Hachiya, 1985). Furthermore, it seems certain that this correlation is causal job dissatisfaction leads to turnover. Models of turnover place job satisfaction in the center of a complex process that involves factors both inside and outside of the employing organization. Figure 2-2 is a simplified model that shows how this process might work. Characteristics of the individual combine with characteristics of the job environment in determining level of job satisfaction. If the job satisfaction level is sufficiently low, the person will develop a behavioral intention to quit the job. That intention may lead to job search activities, which if successful will lead to turnover. Alternate employment opportunities are important because a person is not likely to quit without another job offer. Figure 2-2 Model of Employee Turnover as a Function of Job Satisfaction and Unemployment Rate Organization Factors Person Factors Job Satisfaction Intent to quit Search Behavior Turnover Availability of Alternatives Source: Spector, 1997 Burnout Burnout is a distressed emotional/psychological state experienced on the job. Where job satisfaction is an attitudinal response, burnout is more of an emotional response to the job. Burnout theory proposes that a person who is in a state of burnout experiences symptoms of emotional exhaustion and low work motivation, not unlike depression. Burnout correlates significantly with job satisfaction in that dissatisfied employees are likely to report high levels of burnout (Bacharach, Bamberger and Conley, 1991; Shirom, 1989). Physical Health and Psychological Well-Being Concerns have been raised that both physical and psychological health might be influenced by job attitudes. Individuals who dislike their jobs could experience adverse health outcomes. These outcomes include both physical symptoms and psychological problems (Spector, 1997). It has also been suggested that job dissatisfaction results in a shortened lifespan (Palmore, 1969). Many studies have been shown a link between health and job satisfaction. For example, researchers have reported significant correlations between job satisfaction and physical or psychosomatic symptoms, such as headache and upset stomach (Begley and Czajka, 1993; Fox, Dwyer and Ganster, 1993; Lee, Ashford and Bobko, 1990; O Driscoll and Beehr, 1994). Job dissatisfaction has also been found to be associated with emotional stated of anxiety (Jex and Gudanowski, 1992; Spector et al., 1988) and depression (Bluen, Barling and Burns, 1990; Schauboeck et al., 1992). Counterproductive Behavior Counterproductive behavior includes aggression against coworkers, aggression against the employer, sabotage and left (Spector, 1997). These behaviors have many causes, but often, they are associated with dissatisfaction and frustration at work. Chen and Spector (1992) found that job satisfaction correlated significantly with employee reports of engaging in aggression against others, hostility toward others, sabotage, and theft at work. Keenan and Newton (1984) found a relation between experiencing feelings of hostility at work and job satisfaction as well. Dissatisfied employees are more likely than their satisfied counterparts to engage in all of these behaviors. Life Satisfaction The research suggests that feelings in one area of life affect feelings in other areas. A person who is satisfied on the job is likely to be satisfied with life in general (Weaver, 1987). Studies consistently find that job satisfaction and life satisfaction are moderately and positively correlated (Judge and Watanabe, 1993; Lance, Lautenschlager, Sloan and Varca, 1989; Schaubroeck et al., 1992; Weaver, 1987). 2.4 Employee Satisfaction and Organizational Performance Organizational performance is a multidimensional concept. As illustrated by the list of thirty criterion measures identified by Cambell (1997). Performance is measured in terms of output (inappropriately referred to as productivity in the table) and outcome, profit, internal process and procedures, organizational structures, employee attitudes, organizational responsiveness to the environment and so on. More recently, one approach to measure organizational performance has become popular. This approach attempts to capture some of the contradictory nature of organizational performance is termed the balanced scorecard (Kaplan and Norton, 1992, 1993, 1996). This aims to measure performance in terms of four sets of indicators, each taking a different perspective (Kaplan and Norton 1996:76): Financial: to succeed financially, how should we appear to our shareholders? Customer: to achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customers? Internal business process: to satisfy our shareholders and customers, what business processes must we excel at? Learning and growth: to achieve our vision, how will we sustain our ability to change and improve? Therefore, about the relationship between employee satisfaction and organizational performance, the service-profit chain concept supported that there are direct relationships between profitability, customer loyalty, and employee satisfaction, loyalty, and productivity (Heskett et al. 1994). Moreover, a study conducted by a national retailer found that a happy employee will stick with the company, give better service to the customer and recommend company products to others (Wall Street Journal July 22, 1998). Other study of the 100 Best Companies to Work For finds that the companies with the most satisfied employees had an above-average annual return to shareholders (Fortune December 1, 1998). A Gallup study finds positive correlation between employee satisfaction and financial performance (Economist August 8, 1998). What is more, there are many studies about different industries also approved that the employee satisfaction correlated with organizational performance. Such as Kaplan an d Norton (1996) has found significant correlation between employee morale and customer satisfaction in an oil company. A survey of hospital employees finds significant correlations between nursing-staff satisfaction scores and patient loyalty (Atkins, Marshall and Javalgi 1996). Another correlational study using data collected for 298 public schools finds support for the link between satisfaction levels of teachers and school performance (Ostroff 1992). Thus, according to the previous literature, employs satisfaction is correlated to customer loyalty, financial performance, which in turn, affects the organizational performance.

Vocab for Ap Human Geography

Acid DepositionSulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere– where they mix with oxygen and woter to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid– and return to Earth's surface.Acid PrecipitationConversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain snow or fog Acitve Solar Energy SystemsSolar energy system that collects energy through the use of of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors AgribusinessCommercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-proccessing industry, usually through the ownership by large corporations.Agricultural DensityThe ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture Agricultural RevoluionThe time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. AgricultureThe deliberate effort to modify a portion of the Earth's surface thr ough the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenence or economic gain. Air PollutionConcentration of trace substances such as carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air.Animate PowerPower supplied by people or animals. AnimismBelief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, such as thunderstorms and earthquakes, have discrete spirit and concious life. AnnexationLegally adding land area to a city in the United States ApartheidLaws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physicall separated different races into different geographic areas. Arithmic DensityThe total number of people divided by the total land area. Autonomous ReligionA religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.Balance of PowerCondition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries. Balkanizationprocess by which a state breaks do wn through conflicts among its ethnicities. BalkanizedA small geographic area that could not be successfully organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. Base LineAn east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.Basic IndustriesIndustries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement Biochemical Oxygen DemandAmount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution. BiodiversityThe number of species within a specific habitat. Biomass FuelFuel that derives from plant material and animal waste. BlockbustingA process by which real estate agents convinced white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families would soon be moving into the neighborhood.BoundaryInvisible line that marks the extent of a state territory. Brain DrainLarge-scale emigration by talented people. Branch (of a religion)A large and fundamental division within a religion. Break-of-Bulk PointA location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another. Breeder reactorA nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium. British Received PronunciationThe dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.Bulk-gaining IndustryAn industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. Bulk-reducing IndustryAn industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. Business ServicesServices that primarily meet the needs of other businesses. CartographyThe science of making maps. CasteThe class or distinct hereditary order into which a hindu is assigned according to religious law. Census TractAn area delineated by the U. S, Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized ares, they correspond roughly to neighborhoods.CensusA compete enumeration of a population. Central Business DistrictThe area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered. Central Place TheoryA theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel further. Central PlaceA market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.Centripetal ForceAn attitude that tends to unify people and enhance a state. Cereal GrainA grass yielding grain for food. ChaffHusks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. Chain MigrationMigration of paople to a specific location because of relatives or people of the same nationality pre viously migrated there. ChlorofluorocarbonA gas used as a solvent, a propelant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastics foams and fire extinguishers. CirculationShort-term, repetative, or cyclical movemens that recur on a regular basis. City-stateA sovreign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.Clustered Rural SettlementA rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlements. ColonialismAttempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. ColonyA territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent. CombineA machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field. Commercial AgricultureAgriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.Compact StateA state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary sign ificantly. ConcentrationThe spread of something over a given area. Concentric Zone ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. ConnectionsRelationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. ConservationThe sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced. Consumer ServicesBusinesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services.Contagious DiffusionThe rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. CosmogonyA set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. Cottage IndustryManufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution. Council of GovernmentA cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States. Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated Crop RotationThe practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. CropGrain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. Crude Birth RateThe total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Crude Death RateThe total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Cultural EcologyGeographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.Cultural LandscapeFashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group. CultureThe body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition. CustomThe frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group o f people performing the act. Demographic TransitionThe process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.Demographythe scientific study of population characteristics DensityThe frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. Density Gradientthe change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery Dependency RatioThe number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force. DesertificationDegradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. DenominationA division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.DevelopmentA process of improvement in the material co nditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Diffusionthe process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. DioceseThe basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church Dispersed Rural SettlementA rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. Distance DecayThe diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a henomenon with increasing distance from its origin. DistributionThe arrangement of something across Earth's surface. Double CroppingHarvesting twice a year from the same field. Doubling TimeThe number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. EbonicsDialect spoken by some African-Americans. Economic BaseA community's collection of basic industries. EcumeneThe portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Edge Citya large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area Elongated StateA state with a long, narrow shape.EmigrationMigration from a location. Enclosure MovementThe process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. Environmental DeterminismA nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities. EpidemiologyBranch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.Epidemiological Transitiondistinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Ethnic CleansingProcess in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous reg ion. Ethnic ReligionA religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. EthnicityIdentity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.Expansion DiffusionThe spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. Extinct languageA language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. Federal StateAn internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government. FerrousMetals, including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel. Filteringa process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment FissionThe splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.FloodplainThe area subject to flooding during a given num ber of years according to historical trends. Folk CultureCulture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Forced MigrationPermanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors. Fordist ProductionForm of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Formal RegionAn area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. Fossil FuelEnergy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.Fragmented StateA state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. FranglaisA term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai. † the French words for â€Å"French† and â€Å"English,† respectively. FrontierA zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Functional RegionAn area organized around a node or focal point FundamentalismLiteral interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect). FusionCreation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.Gender Empowerment MeasureCompares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making. Gender-Related Development IndexCompares the level of development with that of both sexes. Gentrificationa process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area Geothermal EnergyEnergy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks. GerrymanderingProcess of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.GhettoDuring the Middle Aes, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. GISA computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. GlobalizationActions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. Global Positioning SystemA system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and eceivers. GrainSeed of cereal grass. Gravity ModelA model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. Green RevolutionRapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. GreenbeltA ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.Greenhouse EffectAnticipated increase in Earth's temperature, caused by carbon dioxid e (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface. Greenwhich Mean Timethe time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 longitude Gross Domestic ProductThe value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). Guest WorkersWorkers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.HabitA repetative act by a particular individual. HearthThe region from which innovative ideas originate. Hierarchical DiffusionThe spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Hierarchical ReligionA religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control. HorticultureThe growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. HullThe outer covering of steel. Human Development IndexIndicator of level of development for each coun try, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy Hydroelectric PowerPower generated from moving water.IdeogramsThe system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English. ImmigrationMigration to a new location. ImperialismControl of a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. Inanimate PowerPower supplied by machines. Industrial RevolutionA series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Infant Mortality RateThe total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.Intensive Subsistence AgricultureA form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. Internal MigrationPermanent M ovement within a particular country. International Date LineAn arc that for the most part follows 180 ° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.International MigrationPermanent movement from one country to another. Interregional MigrationPermanent movement from one region of a country to another. Intervening ObstacleAn environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration. Intraregional MigrationPermanent movement within one region of a country. IsoglossA boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. Isolated LanguageA language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.Labor-intensive IndustryAn industry for which labor costs comprises a high percentage o f total expenses Landlocked StateA state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea. Land ordinance of 1785A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. LanguageA system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning. Language BranchA collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family. Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. Language GroupA collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. LatitudeThe numbering system used to indicate the location of parall els drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.Less Developed CountryAlso known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic developement. Life ExpectancyThe average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Lingua FrancaA language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. Literacy Ratepercentage of people who can read and write.Literary TraditionA language that is written as well as spoken. LocationThe position of anything on Earth's surface. LongitudeThe numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0 °). MapA two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it. Maquiladora Factories built by U. S. companies in Mexico near the U. S. border, to take advantage of much cheaper labor costs in Mexico. Market AreaThe area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.Medical RevolutionMedical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Mental MapAn internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. MeridianAn arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.Metropolitan Statisical AreaIn the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting on e of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city. Micropolitan Statistical AreaAn urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city. MicrostateA state that encompasses a very small land area. MigrationForm of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.Migration TransitionChange in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. MilkshedThe area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. MissionaryAn individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion. MobilityAll types of movement from one location to another. Monotheismthe doctrine or belief that there is only one God More Developed CountryAlso known as a relatively developed county or a developed country, a country that has progressed in relativety far along a continuum of development.Multi-ethnic StateA state that contains more than one ethnicity. Multinational StateState that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. NationalismLoyalty and devotion to a particular nationality. NationalityIdentity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Nation-stateA state who's territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.Natural Increase RateThe percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Net MigrationThe difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. New International Division of LaborTransfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. Nonbasic IndustriesIndustries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community. Nonferrousmetals utilized to make products other than iron and steel.Nonrenewable EnergyA source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted. Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents. OverpopulationThe number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Ozonegas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface. PaddyMalay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. aganA follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times. PandemicDisease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. ParallelA circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians. Passive Solar Energy SystemsSolar energy that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices. Pastoral NomadismA form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. PastureGrass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. PatternThe geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.Perforated Statea state that completely surrounds another one Peripheral ModelA model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. Personal ServicesServices that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers. Photochemical SmogAn atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions. Photovoltaic CellSolar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity.Physiological DensityThe number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. Pigdin LanguageA form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. PilgrimageA journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. Placea specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character. PlantationA large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.Polderland created by the Dutch by draining water from an area. PollutionAddition of more waste than a resource can accommodate. PolytheismBelief in or worship of more than one god. Popular CultureCulture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Population PyramidA bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. PossibilismThe theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.Post-Fordist ProductionAdoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks. Potential ReserveThe amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist. PreservationMaintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible. Primary SectorThe portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.Primate CityThe largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. Primate City RuleA pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than t wice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. Prime Agricultural LandMost productive farmland. Prime MeridianThe meridian, designated at 0 ° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Principal MeridianA north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.Producer ServicesServices that primarily help people conduct business. ProductivityThe value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. ProjectionThe system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map. Prorupted Statean otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. Proven ReserveThe amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits. Public HousingHousing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.Public ServicesServices offered by the govern ment to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. Pull FactorsFactors that induce people to move to a new location. Push FactorsFactors that induce people to leave old residences. QuotaIn reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year. RaceIdentity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. RacismBelief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.RacistA person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism. Radioactive WasteParticles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethat to people and must therefore be safely stored for thousonds of years. RanchingA form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. RangeThe maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Rank-size RuleA patte rn of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. ReaperAmachine that cuts grain standing in the feild.Recyclingthe separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material RedliningA process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. RefugeesPeople who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. RegionAn area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. Regional StudiesAn approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phemona in a particular area study.Relocation DiffusionThe spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Remote SensingThe acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a sate llite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. Renewable EnergyA resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. ResourceA substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use. Retail ServicesServices that provide goods for sale to consumers.Ridge TillageSystem of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. Right-to-work StateA U. S. state that has passed a law preventing union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of e3mployment. Rush Hourfour consecutive 15 minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic. Sanitary LandfillA place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fi res, and to discourage vermin.SawahA flooded feild for growing rice. ScaleGenerally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. Secondary SectorThe portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. SectA relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. SectionA square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.Sector ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). Seed AgricultureReproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. Self-determinismConcept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Serviceany activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. SettlementA permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants. Sex RatioThe number of males per 100 females in a population.SharecropperA person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. Shifting CultivationA form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. SiteThe physical character of a place. Site FactorsLocation factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital. SituationThe location of a place relative to other places.Situation FactorsLocation factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. Slash-and-burn AgricultureAnother name for shif ting cultivation, so named because feilds are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. SolsticeTime when the Sun is farthest from the equator. SovreigntyAbility of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. SpaceThe physical gap or interval between two objects. Space-time CompressionThe reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distinct place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.SpanglishCombination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans. SprawlDevelopment of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area. Spring WheatWheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. Squatter SettlementAn area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures. Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.StateAn area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. Stimulus DiffusionThe spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. Structural Adjustment ProgramEconomic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.Subsistence AgricultureAgriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family Sustainable AgricultureFarming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pes ticides. Sustainable DevelopmentThe level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development. SwiddenApatch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.TabooA restriction on behavior imposed by social custom. Tertiary SectorThe portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. TextileA fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing TreshTo beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. ThresholdThe minimum number of people needed to support the service ToponymThe name given to a portion of Earth's surface. Total Fertility RateThe average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.TownshipA square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a serie s of townships. Trading BlocA group of neighboring countries that promote trade with each other and erect barriers to limit trade with other blocs TranshumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. Transitional CorporationA company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located Transportation and Information ServicesServices that diffuse and distribut services.Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. Truck FarmingCommercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. UnderclassA group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics. Undocumented ImmigrantsPeople who enter a country without proper documents.Uneven DevelopmentThe increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy. Unitary StateAn internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials Universalizing ReligionA religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. Urban RenewalProgram in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.UrbanizationAn increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Urbanized AreaIn the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs. Value Addedthe gross value of the product m inus the costs of raw materials and energy. Vegetative Plantingreproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants Vernacular RegionA place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Voluntary MigrationPermanent movement undertaken by choice.Vulgar LatinA form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents. Wet RiceRice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. WinnowTo remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. Winter Wheatwheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer Zero Population GrowthA decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. Zoning OrdinanceA law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.